1	Chapter 17 LEADERSHIP
2	LEARNING OBJECTIVES You should be able to: Explain the difference between managers and leaders Describe the trait and behavioural theories of leadership Explain the Fiedler contingency model Contrast the Hersey-Blanchard and leader participation models of leadership Summarize the path-goal model
3	LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued) You should be able to: Contrast transactional and transformational leaders Describe the main characteristics of charismatic, visionary, and team leaders Explain the various sources of power a leader might possess Describe how leaders can create a culture of trust Explain gender and cultural differences in leadership
4	LEADERSHIP Leader Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority Leadership Process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals A heavily researched topic
5	EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES Trait Theories Characteristics that might be used to differentiate leaders from non-leaders Proved to be impossible to identify a set of traits that would always differentiate leaders from non-leaders
6	EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES (continued) Behavioural Theories Identified behaviours that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leaders University of Iowa Studies - Kurt Lewin explored three leadership styles autocratic - leader dictated work methods democratic - involved employees in decision making used feedback to coach employees laissez-faire - gave the group complete freedom
7	EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES (continued) Behavioural Theories (continued) Ohio State Studies - identified two dimensions of leadership initiating structure - extent to which a leader was likely to define and structure her/his role and the roles of group members to seek goal attainment consideration - extent to which a leader had job relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for group members’ ideas and feelings findings - high-high leaders achieved high group task performance and satisfaction
8	EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES (continued) Behavioural Theories (continued) University of Michigan Studies - identified two dimensions of leadership employee oriented - emphasized interpersonal relationships production oriented - emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job
9	EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES (continued) Behavioural Theories (continued) Managerial Grid - two-dimensional grid that provides a framework for conceptualizing leadership style dimensions are concern for people and concern for production five management styles described impoverished (1,1) - minimum effort to reach goals and sustain organization membership task (9,1) - arrange operations to be efficient with minimum human involvement middle-of-the-road (5,5) - adequate performance by balancing work and human concerns
10	THE MANAGERIAL GRID (Exhibit 17.3)
11	EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES (continued) Behavioural Theories (continued) Managerial Grid (continued) five management styles (continued) country club (1,9) - attention to human needs and creation of comfortable work environment team (9,9) - committed people motivated by a common purpose, trust, and mutual respect concluded that managers should use (9,9) style
12	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP Basic Assumptions leader effectiveness depends on the situation must isolate situational conditions or contingencies
13	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Fiedler Model Effective group performance depends on matching the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation permits the leader to control and influence Least-Preferred Coworker (LPC) - measures the leader’s style of interacting with subordinates high LPC - least preferred coworker described in relatively favorable terms low LPC - least preferred coworker described in relatively unfavourable terms
14	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Fiedler Model (continued) Model assumes that leader’s style was always the same and could not change in different situations Three contingency factors that identify eight possible leadership situations that vary in favourability leader-member relations - degree of confidence, trust, and respect members had for leader task structure - degree to which job assignments were formalized and had procedures position power - degree of influence a leader had over power-based activities
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16	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Fiedler Model (continued) Results indicated that: task-oriented leaders performed better in situations that are very favourable to them and in situations that are very unfavourable relationship-oriented leaders performed better in situations that are moderately favourable Implications for improving leadership place leaders in situations suited to their style change the situation to fit the leader
17	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory appropriate leadership style is contingent on the followers’ readiness readiness - extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task reflects the reality that it is followers who accept or reject the leader based on two leadership dimensions task behaviours relationship behaviours
18	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Situational Leadership Theory (continued) Four leadership styles defined by the two dimensions Telling - leader defines roles and tells people how to do their jobs Selling - leader is both directive and supportive Participating - leader and follower make decisions Delegating - leader provides little direction or support Tests of the theory have yielded disappointing results
19	HERSEY AND BLANCHARD’S SITUATION LEADERSHIP MODEL (Exhibit 17.5)
20	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Leader-Participation Model Victor vroom and associates - relate leadership behavior and participation to decision making Provides a sequential set of rules to follow in determining the form and amount of participation in decision making Provides an excellent guide to help managers choose an appropriate leadership style to fit the situation
21	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Leader-Participation Model (continued) Five leadership styles Decide - leader makes decision alone, either announcing or selling to group Consult Individually - leader makes decision after obtaining feedback from group members individually Consult Group - leader makes decision after obtaining feedback from group members in meeting Facilitate - leader, acting as facilitator, defines problem and boundaries for decision-making after presenting it to group Delegate - leader permits group to make decision within prescribed limits
22	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Path-Goal Model Robert House - leader’s job is to assist followers in attaining their goals that are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization Leader behaviour is: acceptable to the degree that group views it as a source of immediate or future satisfaction motivational to the extent that it: makes satisfaction of subordinates’ needs contingent on effective performance provides the coaching, guidance, support, and rewards necessary for effective performance
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24	CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP (continued) Path-Goal Model (continued) Identifies four leadership behaviours Directive - describes tasks, sets schedules, and offers guidance on task performance Supportive - shows concern for subordinates Participative - relies on subordinates’ suggestions when making a decision Achievement oriented - sets challenging goals Assumes that a leader can display any or all of the behaviours depending on the situation
25	CUTTING-EDGE APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP Transformational-Transactional Leadership Transactional - leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements Transformational - inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization
26	CUTTING-EDGE APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP (continued) Charismatic-Visionary Leadership Charismatic - enthusiastic, self-confident leader whose personality and actions influence people Visionary - ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, and attractive vision that improves the present situation
27	CUTTING-EDGE APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP (continued) Team Leadership Role of team leader different from the traditional leadership role Requires skills such as: patience to share information ability to trust others and give up authority understanding when to intervene Team leader’s job focuses on: managing the team’s external boundary facilitating the team process
28	CUTTING-EDGE APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP (continued) Team Leadership (continued) Team leaders serve as: liaisons with external constituencies - clarify others’ expectations of the team, gather information from the outside, and secure needed resources troubleshooters - ask penetrating questions, help team talk through problems, and gather needed resources conflict managers - identify source of conflict, who is involved, and find resolution options coaches - clarify role expectations, teach, offer support, and whatever else is necessary to keep performance levels high
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30	CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP Leaders and Power Five sources of power legitimate - authority associated with a position coercive - ability to punish or control reward - ability to give positive benefits expert - influence based on special skills or knowledge referent - arises because of a person’s desirable resources or personal traits
31	CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP (continued) Creating a Culture of Trust Credibility - honesty, competence, and ability to inspire Honesty is the number one characteristic of admired leaders Trust - belief in the integrity, character, and ability of the leader confident that rights and interests will not be abused important for empowering subordinates trend toward expanding non-authority relationships within and between organizations widens the need for trust
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33	CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP (continued) Leading Through Empowerment Managers increasingly leading by empowerment Gender and Leadership Gender provides behavioural tendencies in leadership Women adopt more democratic style, share power and information, and attempt to enhance followers’ self-worth Men more directive, command-in-control style
34	CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP (continued) Gender and Leadership (cont.) Is different better? when rated by peers, employees, and bosses, women executives score better than male counterparts explanations of difference in effectiveness include: flexibility, teamwork, trust, and information sharing are replacing rigid structures, competitive individualism, control, and secrecy best managers listen, motivate, and provide support women do the above better than men there is still no “one best” leadership style
35	CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP (continued) Leadership Styles in Different Countries Effectiveness of leadership style influenced by national culture leaders constrained by the cultural conditions their followers have come to expect Most leadership theories developed in the U.S. emphasize follower responsibilities rather than rights assume self-gratification rather than commitment to duty assume centrality of work and democratic value orientation stress rationality rather than spirituality
36	CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP (continued) Sometimes Leadership is Irrelevant! Leader behaviours may be irrelevant in some situations Factors that reduce leadership importance include: follower characteristics - experience, training, professional orientation, or need for independence replace the need for leader support and ability to reduce ambiguity job characteristics - unambiguous and routine tasks, or tasks that are intrinsically satisfying, place fewer demands on leaders organizational characteristics - explicit goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can substitute for formal leadership